DIRECT AND INDIRECT

Struktur kalimat bahasa Indonesia jelas berbeda dengan struktur kalimat bahasa Inggris. ketika kita menceritakan kembali perkataan orang lain terkadang kita menemukan kesulitan. Nah, kali ini kita akan membahas tentang kalimat langsung dan tidak langsung dalam bahasa Inggris. Semoga bermanfaat.

A.    The Meaning of Direct and Indirect Speech (Pengertian Kalimat Langsung dan Tak Langsung)

Direct speech
atau kalimat langsung adalah kalimat yang ditulis apa adanya atau diucapkan secara langsung oleh si pembicara.

Kalimat langsung terdiri dari dua bagian, yaitu:

1.      Reporting verbs           (kata kerja yang melaporkan)

2.      Reporting words         ( kata kerja yang dilaporkan)

Contoh:

Reporting verbs                           Reporting words

My father says,                             “I like music very much.”

Rina says,                                      “I buy some food in the market.”

Beberapa hal yang perlu diperhatikan dalam bentuk direct speech:

1.      Reporting verbs dan reporting words dipisahkan dengan tanda koma (,)

2.      Reporting words dalam direct speech ditulis dalam bentuk kutipan (quotation)

3.      Reporting verbs tidak harus diletakkan di awal kalimat, tetapi bisa juga diletakkan di akhir kalimat.

4.      Apabila diletakkan di akhir kalimat dan menggunakan personal pronoun sebagai subyek, maka subjek tersebut diletakkan setelah reported words, tanpa mengubah bentuk dan susunannya.

Contoh:

He says, “I like music very much.”

Menjadi           “I like music very much” ,he said.

5.      Apabila diletakkan di akhir kalimat dan menggunakan kata benda nama diri, misalnya: Tania, Jhon, Mr. Smith, maka subjek tersebut diletakkan di akhir kalimat.

Contoh:

Mr. Jhon says, “I like music very much.”

Menjadi           “I like music very much”, said Mr. Jhon.

Indirect speech atau kalimat tak langsung adalah kalimat yang digunakan untuk menyampaikan ucapan seseorang kepada orang lain.

Contoh:

Direct speech (DS)            : He says,”I study English everyday.”

Indirect speech (IS)           : He says that he studies English everyday.

Dari contoh di atas terlihat perbedaan antara DS dan IS, diantaranya:

·         Reporting verb dan reporting words dihubungkan dengan kata penghubung (conjuction).

·         Kalimat IS tidak memerlukan tanda kutip.

B.     Mengubah Kalimat Langsung Menjadi Kalimat Tak Langsung (Changing Direct Speech into Indirect Speech)

Kalimat langsung dapat diubah menjadi kalimat tak langsung dengan mengikut beberapa ketentuan sebagai berikut:

1.      Bila REPORTED VERB nya berbentuk SIMPLE PRESENT, PRESENT PERFECT, PRESENT FUTURE, maka REPORTED WORDS nya tidak mengalami perubahan tenses.

Contoh:

a.       Simple Present Tense

DS       : He says,” I like music very much.”

IS        : He says that he likes music very much.

b.      Present Perfect Tense

Contoh:

DS       : She has said,” I have eaten.”

IS        : She has said that she has eaten.

c.       Present Future Tense

DS       : John will say,” I want to buy hamburger.”

IS        : John will say that he wants to buy hamburger.

2.      Bila REPORTING VERB berbentuk SIMPLE PAST TENSE atau PAST PERFECT TENSE, maka REPORTING WORDS akan mengalami perubahan TENSES, KETERANGAN WAKTU, DAN KETERANGAN TEMPAT.

Tenses yang berubah adalah sebagai berikut:

DIRECT SPEECH	INDIRECT SPEECH
Simple Present He said,” My father arrives.”	Simple Past He said that his father arrived.
Present Continuous He said,” My father is arriving.”	Past Continuous He said that his father was arriving.
Present Perfect He said,” My father has arrived”	Past Perfect He said that his father had arrived.
Present Perfect Continuous He said,” My father has been arriving”	Past Perfect Continuous He said that his father had been arriving.
Simple Past He said,” My father arrived.”	Past Perfect He said that his father had arrived.
Past Continuous He said,” My father was arriving.”	Past Perfect Continuous He said that his father had been arriving.
Simple Future He said,” My father will arrive.”	Past Future He said that his father would arrive.
Past Future He said,” My father would arrive.”	Past Future Perfect (Past conditional) He said that his father would have come.
Future Continuous He said,” My father will be arriving.”	Past Future Continuous (Continuous Conditional) He said that his father would be arriving.

Perubahan keterangan tempat dan keterangan waktu, yaitu:

today / this day       menjadi       that day

now                       menjadi       at the moment, in that moment

last night                menjadi       the night before, the previous night

last week               menjadi       the week before, the previous week

last Sunday            menjadi       the Sunday before, the previous Sunday

last .....                  menjadi        the ...... before, the previous ....

two days ago        menjadi         two days before

five years ago        menjadi         five years before

....... ago               menjadi          ....... before

tomorrow             menjadi          the following day, the next day

next Saturday       menjadi          the following Saturday, the next Saturday

next ....                 menjadi          the following ..... , the next .....

here                      menjadi           there

over there             menjadi            over here

this/these               menjadi           that / those

                                               

Contoh:

DS              : He said,”I am cooking now.”

IS                : He said that he is cooking at the moment

3.      Bila REPORTED WORDS merupakan kalimat berita, baik positif maupun negative, maka dalam indirect speech menggunakan kata sambung THAT (bahwa)

DS             : He says,”I wear white and blue uniform every Wednesday.”

IS              : He says that he wear white and blue uniform every Wednesday.

4.      Bila REPORTED WORDS merupakan kalimat tanya jenis YES NO QUESTION, maka dalam indirect speech menggunakan kata sambung IF atau WHETHER (jika/apakah)

DS             : He asked me,”Do you have sister?”

IS              : He asked me whether I had sister.

DS             : He asked, ”Are you sleepy?”

IS              : He asked me if I sleepy.

5.      Bila REPORTED WORDS merupakan kalimat tanya yang menggunakan kata Tanya WH QUESTION, maka dalam indirect speech menggunakan kata sambung dari kata tanya itu sendiri.

DS             : He asked, ”What is your name?”

IS              : He asked me what my name was.

6.      Bila REPORTED WORDS merupakan kalimat perintah positif, maka dalam indirect speech ditambahkan kata TO di depan kalimat perintah tersebut.

DS             : He said to her, ”Close the door!”

IS              : He said to her to close the door.

7.      Bila REPORTED WORDS merupakan kalimat perintah negative maka dalam indirect speech ditambahkan kata NOT TO di depan kalimat perintah tersebut.

DS             : He said, ”Don’t buy anything there!”

IS              : He said not to buy anything there.

8.      Bila REPORTED WORDS merupakan kalimat seru atau EXCLAMATION SENTENCE, maka REPORTING VERBS yang berupa say atau tell diubah menjadi kata exclaimed, cry out, pray, dsb.

DS             : He says, “Wow, I get the best point!”

IS              : He exclaimed that he get the best point.